Over the holidays, I read a biography about John Wooden, the legendary college basketball coach. From 1963 to 1975, he won 10 national championships; a record unlikely to be broken. As a fan, I marvelled at his coaching success and wondered how he was able to find that “elusive edge.” Reading it, I expected to find accounts of sophisticated play designs or ahead-of-its-time analytics. Instead the book is filled with simple ideas. For example, at the beginning of the season the players arrived to practice expecting to run drills. To their surprise, Coach Wooden asked them to gather in a circle, sit down and take off their socks and shoes. As the players looked around in disbelief, Coach Wooden proceeded to explain the right way to put on their socks to avoid performance-hampering blisters. It’s a simple routine that any coach across the country could have done, but the idea probably never crossed their minds.

All winning organizations have an “unfair” advantage that others can’t copy. Often what makes them successful is deceptively simple – easy to understand but hard to replicate.

In this commentary, I want to discuss one deceptively simple idea. Why time, specifically using more of it, is the most powerful advantage an investor can have.

Blinking contest

There’s an old saying that if you want to beat the market you can’t be the market. The only way to do better than everyone else is to be different. Blindly straying from the crowd probably means being worse, but having good reasons for being different creates an edge. We refer to this as having a proprietary insight, a view about a stock that isn’t widely shared by others.

Most investors focus on getting an information advantage which means finding data about a business others don’t have. The truth is it’s very difficult to have an informational edge. Our industry is filled with intelligent people analyzing the same company filings and attending the same conferences.

I believe the most overlooked edge an investor can have is time – the willingness to look further out than other people. Fortunately, those who want a time advantage don’t have to wait as long as they used to since investors are holding their stocks for shorter and shorter periods:

In the 1980s and 90s, the average investor held a stock for two or three years. It was necessary to look out four or five years to have a variant view. Today, having a view about a business two or three years from now can be a proprietary insight.

You probably think this sounds silly. Why would anyone hold a business for seven months and expect a favourable result? Imagine if your neighbour asked for money to buy the local Tim Hortons franchise with the intention of flipping it in seven months. You’d politely say no. But this type of thing happens in the stock market every day.

If all it takes to beat the market is waiting a few extra years, why doesn’t everyone do this? It turns out that this simple idea is very difficult to do in practice.

Three’s company

I’m going to try to illustrate this with a thought experiment. Let’s say we wanted to start a new investment firm (we’ll call it Triple Threat Co.) that’s going to take advantage of other people’s short-term behaviour. I think we would all agree Triple Threat Co. would need three things to succeed:

1. People (employees)

2. Environment

3. Clients

The ideal people are long-term thinkers operating in an environment that discourages short-term behaviour working with a client base that thinks the same way. Unfortunately, it’s hard to find all three ingredients in the same place.

Let’s walk through the checklist of our ideal company.

1. People

The trouble with trying to hire long-term thinkers is that it’s not natural for people to think this way. Most of us are wired to be short-term thinkers.

In the late 1960s, Stanford University researchers proved this by using marshmallows to show how bad people are at delaying gratification (a fancy term for long-term thinking).

The stock market is an adult version of the marshmallow experiment. When people invest, they’re choosing to give up consumption today in order to consume more in the future. Unlike the Stanford study, you don’t know how many marshmallows you’re going to receive or how long you have to wait. It’s the ultimate test of long-term thinking. A test most people are falling short on based on the average holding period.

The stock market is made up of people who resemble the kids in the marshmallow experiment. If you’re buying a stock from someone who has trouble delaying gratification, they’re going to undervalue the kinds of businesses that can grow – the ones we want.

2. Environment

Let’s assume we found enough people who are wired to think differently. The next step is designing the ideal structure. If we have the right people, does the environment really matter?

A recent study by the University of Rochester found that environment had just as much influence as “hard wiring.” The researchers found that if the children felt safe and comfortable, they were more likely to delay gratification (i.e. their performance improved).

How do you create a safe and trustworthy environment in the investment business? It’s easier to figure out what wouldn’t work. You probably wouldn’t tie employee compensation to quarterly or annual performance. You wouldn’t pressure the portfolio managers to own a business simply because it’s in the index and everyone else owns it. Nobody would be forced to sell a stock because the share price fell shortly after buying it.

It sounds simple, but why are these common practices in the industry?

3. Clients

At this point, we’ve found the right people and thought about the right environment. The last step is partnering with the right clients. Even if Triple Threat Co. gets the first two things right it won’t be enough. The only way to be successful is to have all three.

I was recently at a conference in New York and met with an analyst at a reputable hedge fund. We happened to be looking at investing in the same business. We had a long conversation and I was impressed with the depth of his research and insights into the business. At the end of the conversation I asked, “What happens if you’re wrong?” After a long pause he told me that if anyone on his team experiences a loss of more than 10% they’ll be out of a job. No exceptions.

On my way home I reflected on this conversation. Why would savvy investors structure their organization this way? I think the problem stems from them attracting the wrong clients. The investment firm created an environment that catered to the clients’ wants (short-term gratification) but not their needs (helping them get from Point A to Point B). There are dozens of successful hedge funds located within a couple of blocks and clients know if their fund manager underperforms, other options are a building (or even a few floors) away. A short-term oriented client isn’t going to stick with a manager who is down 10% when there’s another manager who might be having a good year just around the corner.

Investing isn’t just luck

EdgePoint is very fortunate to have found an investor base of like-minded people. During periods of heightened volatility our partners not only stayed the course but many invested more money.

Our all-star advisors (you) are one of our most important assets. You allow us to focus on making the investment that’s right for your clients, instead of the one that makes them feel good right now.

One example is how you react to volatility. Many people in our industry view volatility as risk. Understandably, there are few things more uncomfortable than watching your life savings temporarily go down in value. Some investors are so afraid of volatility they build a portfolio to minimize these painful swings.

You view volatility the same way we do – it’s the friend of the investor who knows the value of a business and the enemy of the investor who doesn’t. Markets have been and always will be volatile. It’s our job to know the value of businesses so that we can take advantage of volatility (i.e. buy businesses from people who are panicking) to your benefit.

This is a list of stocks since inception in our Global Portfolio that have gone down at least 10% after we bought them.

Fifty-six times we bought a business thinking we had a proprietary insight only to watch it drop 10%, 20%, sometimes even 60% during our holding period. Unfortunately, volatility doesn’t go away after we buy a business. It also means that if we had a similar structure to the hedge fund we would’ve been fired 56 times!

During many of these downturns, we committed more of your capital to these names as they went down. The result is that you experienced a higher return on your investment than if the stock went straight up after our purchase.

Let’s use a recent example to illustrate how time worked to our advantage. In June 2015, we purchased Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. in the EdgePoint Global Portfolio with an idea of how the business could be much bigger in the future.

Ubiquiti Networks, Inc.

Source: Bloomberg LP. June 1, 2015 to December 31, 2016. In US$.

In the short term, investors worried about a slowdown in Ubiquiti’s end markets and the stock dropped by 19.31%. We looked at the same business and saw the long-term growth potential was still intact. Our thesis gave us the comfort to significantly increase our position and, eventually, our returns.

History has shown that our investment approach is best suited to periods of uncertainty. The greater the price fluctuations, the greater our ability to add value. We can’t take advantage of these movements if we’re forced to sell too early. Without your trust, none of this is possible.

We’re constantly working on getting the right people, environment and clients at EdgePoint and are pleased with our start thus far.

ⁱ John Wooden, Wooden: A Lifetime of Observations and Reflections On and Off the Court (New York: McGraw Hill Education, 1997).
ⁱⁱ Warren Fiske, “Mark Warner says average holding time for stocks has fallen to four months”, Politifact Virginia, July 6th, 2016, http://www.politifact.com/virginia/statements/2016/jul/06/mark-warner/mark-warner-says-average-holding-time-stocks-has-f/.
<small>ⁱⁱⁱ W. Mischel, E.B. Ebbesen and A.R. Zeiss, “Cognitive and attentional mechanisms in delay gratification,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, v.21(2) February 1972: 204-18.
^ivCeleste Kidd, Holly Palmeri and Richard N. Aslin, “Rational snacking: Young children’s decision-making on the marshmallow task is moderated by beliefs about environmental reliability,” Cognition, v.126(1), January 2013: 109-144.</small>

The income is fixed, the volatility isn’t
By Frank Mullen, portfolio manager 

EdgePoint investors know that our approach views volatility differently from the average investor. Rather than viewing volatility as a proxy for risk, we see it as a potential opportunity. If the market offers us the ability to buy a business at a lower price than what we believe it’s worth, it’s only rational for a long-term investor to view a falling price as an opportunity.

I believe that investors understand how we take advantage of volatility in our equity portfolios, but many don’t consider how we endeavour to do the same with our fixed-income investments. Although generally not as volatile as stocks, fixed-income prices can experience material bouts of volatility. Changes in interest rate expectations, company-specific credit profiles or simply investor sentiment towards particular sectors or asset classes can all contribute to increased periods of volatility.

Parts of 2016 were very volatile for fixed-income investors. Weakness in the mining and energy sectors stressed corporate balance sheets, causing many corporate bond issues to experience material price declines. As companies in these sectors were a significant component of many high-yield bond indices, their price weakness spread to other sectors whose fundamentals weren’t experiencing the same challenges. This volatility and the general risk aversion of many fixed-income investors created opportunities for true credit analysts to find attractive investment opportunities. I believe that highlighting two of these opportunities is the best way to illustrate our investment approach at work and how we can add value during times of volatility.

Drilling deep

We’ve followed Calfrac Well Services Corp. for the last seven years. First attracted to the pressure pumping business, we believed that it could be a game-changing technology for the energy industry. We initially purchased the equity of the business and watched as their fleet grew along with the demand for their services. To fund their growth, management raised funds by issuing high-yield bonds. Over time, we sold our equity ownership and purchased bonds as we continued to follow the evolving industry.

The downturn in the energy market dramatically reduced the demand for all energy service offerings, and pressure pumping was hit particularly hard. The weakening fundamentals and high levels of debt caused many investors to question the future of Calfrac. Our due diligence led us to believe that Calfrac would be a survivor. We thought that it had sufficient liquidity and that management had several levers it could pull should the downturn continue longer than anticipated. We believed that assets sales would generate sufficient funds to cover bondholders in a worst-case scenario, based on our analysis of several distressed transactions in the industry.

Bond investors were fearful, which drove prices of Calfrac debt down as low as $0.35 on the dollar in mid-February 2016.ⁱ At that level, we felt the potential return greatly outweighed the risks. We continued to buy bonds believing that we were getting the company’s upside at a very attractive valuation and that it would continue to pay interest to bondholders. With bond prices so low, almost half of our purchase price would be returned through coupon payments in just two years. We concluded that buying Calfrac debt had equity-like upside, while allowing us to be higher in the capital structure, providing an income stream through coupon payments. Our thesis played out and bonds have risen from a low of $0.35 to the mid-$0.80s at the end of 2016.ⁱⁱ

Opportunities to buy bonds from stressed companies aren’t a primary focus of our Growth and Income Portfolios but we will take advantage of special situations where our due diligence leads us to believe we have a margin of safety in a downside scenario. Though, we’ll be sure that the weighting in the Portfolio is commensurate with the potential risk of the investment. While we had confidence in our due diligence, we only committed approximately 1% of the Growth and Income Portfolios to Calfrac debt. This allowed us to capitalize on the opportunity without putting the Portfolios at risk should our thesis prove incorrect.

Never trust a thin chef

The stress in the high-yield market permeated to non-commodity sectors in 2016 and we believe it caused investors to overreact to events that they would have been more accepting of in a more subdued operating environment. Bill Ackman is a well-known investor that runs a firm called Pershing Square Capital Management LP. Despite his excellent long-term track record, many questioned his more recent results. He had a large position in Valeant Pharmaceuticals International Inc. and was very public about his support for the company even as their share price collapsed. We agree that their short-term results weren’t attractive, but we think Pershing Square has a well-defined and successful investment approach. They’re aligned with investors with material co-investment in their products and a portion of their capital is permanent and cannot be withdrawn due to short-term results.

Pershing Square’s pool of permanent capital issued investment-grade debt several years ago in an attempt to magnify returns by reinvesting the raised funds in their holdings. As is always the case, leverage works both ways, equally magnifying negative returns. In the early months of 2016 investors lost faith in Pershing Square, driving bond prices from close to par to as low as $0.86 on the dollar in mid-February 2016.ⁱⁱⁱ We looked at the situation and felt investors overreacted. While short-term results were poor and we didn’t like several of their investments, we still felt there was a large margin of safety.

Our analysis showed that even under extreme scenarios the bonds would be worth par. In fact, the fund needed to decline by over 70% for us to question getting back our investment. We simply didn’t think that a good investor like Bill Ackman, who has his own capital at risk, would experience declines of that magnitude. Additionally, Pershing Square’s controversial investments were offset by large positions in companies that we believed were attractive. Over time our thesis has played out and the bonds returned to par by the end of 2016.^iv

Things may change but we stay the same

I believe the examples discussed above illustrate our credit-centric approach to fixed-income investing. We won’t always have opportunities to invest in ideas like these, but we’ll perform the necessary analysis when we do uncover interesting opportunities so we feel confident about the inherent risks and returns. We certainly won’t always be right, but our time-tested investment approach is as appropriate to fixed-income investing as it is to equities.

It’s interesting to note that these investments and many others like them, occurred in a period of low interest rates. We’re often asked how anyone can earn a decent return by investing in fixed income in today’s rate environment. By focusing on corporate bonds and developing an insight about a company’s true credit worthiness, you can earn returns that are attractive in the context of today’s prevailing interest rates.

Since EdgePoint’s inception we’ve generated pleasing returns in our fixed-income investments. There have been periods where we found tremendous value in credit investments, but there have also been times when we found it difficult to find attractive opportunities. We’re firm believers that sometimes the best offence is a good defence and will never reach for yield in areas where we don’t believe we have an edge. The exciting opportunities that we found in the first half of 2016 have become harder to find, but we remain well positioned to strike should volatility return.